3/29/2017 0 Comments Adaptations Protein DietAdult Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) Metabolically Adapt to High Protein Diets. The dietary preferences, gastrointestinal morphology and metabolic capabilities of animals have been intimately intertwined. Omnivorous, or. generalist species, consume a variety of plant and animal foods that frequently change in relative proportion. The current article reviews the metabolic adaptations observed with weight reduction and. ![]() These species. possess the digestive and metabolic plasticity to adapt to a wide variation in dietary macronutrient proportions (1, ,2). For example, omnivorous species such as chickens, Japanese quail, rats, pigs and humans are capable of up- or down- regulating. In contrast, nonomnivorous species often specialize on a narrow range of food items of very uniform nutritional content. Granivorous (grain- eaters), frugivorous (fruit- eaters) and nectarivorous (nectar- eaters) species select low protein: high. In contrast to faunivores, these species have low requirements for dietary. Analogous to the poor metabolic adaptations by faunivores, it might be expected that carbohydrate specialists would have. However, the metabolic plasticity of carbohydrate selectors has received very. For this reason, we tested the capacity of cockatiels, an avian granivore, to adapt to high protein diets. Furthermore, the popular literature is rife with anecdotes of protein intolerance by this species. To assess the possibility of. Metabolic adaptation was assessed by changes in amino acid. Cockatiels were randomly assigned to one of four dietary. CP (n = 6), 2. 0% CP (n = 7), 3. CP (n = 6) or 7. 0% CP (n = 7) (Table 1). Diets were formulated for identical acid- base balance, calculated as meq (Na + K + Ca . Pelleted diets were crumbled by hand to . Birds were acclimated to the 1. CP diet for 1 mo. After this acclimation period. Birds assigned to 2. CP were initially switched to 2. CP. One week later, birds. CP were switched to 3. CP, and so on, until all birds were being fed their assigned experimental diet. Find out how to eat a healthy diet in pregnancy, including plenty of fruit and vegetables, and cutting down on sugar and saturated fat.Cockatiels consumed the experimental diets ad libitum for 1. After 1. 0 mo of consuming the experimental diets, water intake was measured using 1. L water bottles, graduated in. L increments, with a 1. Bio. Serve Frenchtown, NJ). The University of California at Davis Animal Care. Use Committee approved all animal protocols.
Feed was not withdrawn before the time of weighing. Blood (1 m. L) was taken from the jugular at the onset and termination of the experiment and twice in. Freshly drawn blood was used to make a blood smear and drawn into a hematocrit tube. The remaining. blood was allowed to clot for 3 h and serum was frozen until analysis. After 1. 1 mo of consuming the experimental diets, all. Merial Animal Health, Iselin, NJ) anesthesia followed by isoflurane overdose. Kidney, liver. hock joint and pericardium were immediately dissected from the birds. One kidney and one liver lobe were flash- frozen between. N and stored at . All other tissues were fixed in 1. Diet plays a big role in influencing an animal's digestive system's adaptations. This lesson show you how diets influence everything from the shape of teeth to the. The adaptations to varying protein intakes are examined below. For example, in one study rats were given an essentially protein-free diet. Effect of diet composition on metabolic adaptations to hypocaloric nutrition. 10% fat versus 70% fat, 20% protein, 10% carbohydrate) but identical in calories. The breast was removed, weighed and returned to the bird of origin. Birds were then. weighed and freeze- dried at a shelf temperature of 3. Subsequently, all birds were placed in soxhlet units for lipid extraction using a modified AOAC procedure (1. Birds were extracted for 7 d with petroleum ether, followed by 3 d with acetone. Birds were then dried overnight at 5. Blood smears were stained with hematoxylin- eosin. Serum samples were analyzed by standard methods for clinical chemistry parameters (Clinical Chemistry Laboratory. UC Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital) including cholesterol, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid. N, calcium, albumin, globulin, glucose and total protein. In addition, serum samples were analyzed for plasma amino acid. HPLC as described by Bidlingmeyer et al. Any other gross abnormalities were also noted. Livers sections. were graded from one to five with least severely affected livers (rare, single vacuolated cell- small granulomas) receiving. Kidney sections. were graded similarly on the basis of the frequency and size of inflammatory or degenerative foci, with grade one denoting. Briefly, tissue samples were prepared for enzyme analysis by placing them on dry ice and breaking them into pieces no larger. Tissue samples were weighed into test tubes and 9 parts of ice- cold 0. L KCl. were added for alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2. AST; EC 2. 6. 1. 1) and pyruvate kinase (PK; EC 2. For phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC 4. Samples were homogenized on ice with a Polytron (Brinkmann Instruments. Westbury, NY) twice at half- maximum power for 1. Homogenates were centrifuged for 3. For glucokinase (GK; EC 2. L KCl, 0. 0. 05 mol/L sodium EDTA and 5 mmol/L Mg. Cl. 2, p. H 7. 0, then homogenized with a Teflon pestle twice for 1. The homogenate was centrifuged (Sorvall RC 1. Du. Pont, Wilmington. DE) for 1 h at 1. The assays for ALT and AST were according to procedures described by Segal and Matsuzawa (1. EC 3. 5. 3. 1) was according to Tamir and Ratner (1. PEPCK and FBP were according to Opie and Newsholme (2. Enzyme activity was measured in a multicell thermostatically controlled spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and was. Protein was determined by Coomassie dye binding using. Sigma, St. Data collected at only one time point (water consumption. ANOVA for the effect of dietary treatment. Data collected at. ANOVA for repeated measures. Birds were nested within diets, and the model accounted for the random. The Pdiff procedure of SAS was used to determine whether mean values were significantly different at. P < 0. 0. 5, with Bonferonni adjustment for . Regression analysis of dietary protein level on liver enzyme activities and on serum urea and uric acid concentrations on. JMP (SAS Institute). There was no consistent change in body weight for birds consuming 3. CP until d 2. 52, at which point 3. CP resulted in. a consistent positive change in body weight compared with birds fed all other diets (P < 0. Birds consuming 7. CP maintained body weight; however, on d 3. CP was significantly. CP (P < 0. 0. 5). Body composition was also affected by dietary CP level (Table 2). Dry matter content was lower in birds fed 3. CP compared with those fed all other diets (P < 0. CP compared with those fed 7. CP (P < 0. 0. 5). Finally, lipid content, on a wet weight (Table 2) or dry matter basis (data not shown), was significantly greater in birds fed 3. CP compared with all other dietary treatments. P < 0. 0. 5). Birds were fed diets varying from 1. Means at a time with different superscripts differ, P < 0. The birds were frequently observed for indices of general health, including posture, feather positioning and integrity. No diet- related changes in these variables were noted. There was no mortality. CP, which died on d 3. Necropsy revealed no signs of inflammation. In the liver, glucokinase activity was significantly decreased at dietary protein concentrations > 1. CP (P < 0. 0. 5). PEPCK activity was not affected in the liver, but was significantly greater in the kidney of birds fed 7. CP compared. with those fed 1. CP (P < 0. 0. 5). Liver and kidney ALT and AST activities generally increased with increasing level of dietary CP, and the difference. P < 0. 0. 5) between 7. CP and the lower levels. Arginase activity was significantly greater in birds fed 7. CP compared with. CP in the liver, and compared with those fed all dietary protein levels in the kidney (P < 0. In addition, kidney arginase activity was greater in birds fed 3. CP compared with those fed 1. CP (P < 0. 0. 5). Uric acid was significantly greater in birds fed 7. CP (P < 0. 0. 5) compared with 1. CP (Fig. In addition, serum urea concentrations increased linearly with dietary protein levels (P < 0. Urea was significantly increased in birds fed 7. CP (P < 0. 0. 5) compared with all other dietary treatments (Fig. Birds were fed diets varying from 1. CP for 1. 1 mo. Serum uric acid and urea. N concentrations were measured on d 0, 3. Inset: Regression of dietary protein level and uric acid or urea levels on d 3. Serum aspartate, cysteine, leucine. TEAA) were significantly increased in birds fed 7. CP compared with all other. P < 0. 0. 5) (data not shown). In addition, serum valine was significantly increased in birds fed 7. CP compared with. CP; serum methionine was significantly increased with 3. CP compared with 1. CP; TEAA were significantly. CP compared with 1. CP (P < 0. 0. 5). In contrast, serum phenylalanine was significantly decreased with 7. CP compared with all other dietary treatments. P < 0. 0. 5). Total nonessential amino acids (TNEAA) were not affected by dietary CP level. Mean serum amino acid values (. L) = 9. 5 . One bird fed 7. CP showed breast. No other gross lesions were found in any of the treatment. There was no evidence of substantive renal pathology due to dietary treatment (Table 4). Sixteen of 2. 5 birds had lesions in the kidneys; these were characterized by infrequent foci of mild interstitial mononuclear. Renal changes were considered background changes and not related to dietary. In general, lesions in the. Fig. Birds were fed diets. CP for 1. 1 mo. Liver, kidney and pericardium were taken at necropsy at the termination of the experiment. C) with single vacuolated cell in the sinusoidal/perisinusoidal space (arrows). Specifically, the severity of lipogranuloma lesions, characterized. P < 0. 0. 5) (Table 4; Fig. Single vacuolated cells were intimately associated with the sinusoidal and perisinusoidal space and were likely Ito cells. A–storing cells, fat storing cells, lipocytes, stellate cells). Only one bird had hepatocellular micro- and macrovesicular. Therefore, assumptions. Therefore, an 1. 1% CP diet was chosen as the control. A 2. 0% CP diet was included in this experiment because this level is. The high dietary protein levels of 3. CP were chosen to ensure that if there was a limit to up- regulation of enzyme activity or nitrogen excretion in cockatiels. In the present experiment, body weight and breast muscle size were maintained by 1. CP, whereas 3. 5% CP caused.
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